Ama-valve angatholakala cishe noma yikuphi namuhla: emakhaya ethu, ngaphansi komgwaqo, ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano kanye nezinkulungwane zezindawo ezingaphakathi kwezimboni zikagesi namanzi, izigayo zamaphepha, izindawo zokuhluza, izitshalo zamakhemikhali nezinye izinsiza zezimboni kanye nengqalasizinda.
Imboni yamavalvu inamahlombe abanzi ngempela, enezingxenye ezihlukayo ukusuka ekusatshalalisweni kwamanzi kuye kumandla enuzi kuye phezulu naphansi komfula kanye nowoyela negesi.Ngayinye yalezi zimboni zabasebenzisi bokugcina isebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zamavalvu;nokho, imininingwane yokwakha kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ngokuvamile ihluke kakhulu.Nasi isampula:
AMANZI ASEBENZA
Ezweni lokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi, izingcindezi zihlale ziphansi futhi amazinga okushisa ajwayelekile.Lawo maqiniso amabili okusebenza avumela inani lezinto zokwakheka kwamavalvu ebezingeke zitholwe emishinini enenselelo eyengeziwe njengama-valve okushisa aphezulu.Izinga lokushisa elizungezile lesevisi yamanzi livumela ukusetshenziswa kwama-elastomer nama-rubber seal angafanele kwenye indawo.Lezi zinto ezithambile zivumela ama-valve amanzi ukuthi afakwe ukuze avale ngokuqinile ama-drip.
Okunye okucatshangelwayo kuma-valve wenkonzo yamanzi ukukhetha ezintweni zokwakha.Ama-ayina ama-cast kanye nama-ductile asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi, ikakhulukazi imigqa emikhulu yangaphandle yobubanzi.Imigqa emincane kakhulu ingaphathwa kahle ngezinto zevalvu yethusi.
Izingcindezi ezibonwa amavalvu amaningi okusebenza kwamanzi ngokuvamile zingaphansi kuka-200 psi.Lokhu kusho ukuthi amadizayini anezindonga ezinkulu ezinomfutho omkhulu awadingeki.Lokho sekushiwo, kunezimo lapho ama-valve amanzi akhiwe ukuze abambe izingcindezi eziphakeme, aze afike ku-300 psi.Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zivame ukuba semiseleni emide eduze nomthombo wengcindezi.Kwesinye isikhathi ama-valve amanzi anomfutho ophakeme nawo atholakala ezindaweni zokucindezela okukhulu edamini elide.
I-American Water Works Association (AWWA) ikhiphe imininingwane ehlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zamavalvu nama-actuator asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza kwamanzi.
AMANZI AMANZI
Uhlangothi oluphendukile lwamanzi ahlanzekile aphuzwayo olungena endaweni noma esakhiweni amanzi angcolile noma okukhipha indle.Le migqa iqoqa wonke uketshezi olulahlwayo kanye nezinto eziqinile bese ikuqondisa endaweni yokuhlanza indle.Lezi zitshalo zokwelapha zifaka amapayipi amaningi anengcindezi ephansi kanye namavalvu ukwenza “umsebenzi wazo ongcolile.”Izidingo zamavalvu amanzi angcolile ezimweni eziningi zilula kakhulu kunezidingo zesevisi yamanzi ahlanzekile.Isango lensimbi nama-valve okuhlola yizinqumo ezidume kakhulu zalolu hlobo lwenkonzo.Amavalvu ajwayelekile kule sevisi akhiwe ngokuhambisana nokucaciswa kwe-AWWA.
INDUSTRI YAMANDLA
Amandla kagesi amaningi akhiqizwa e-United States akhiqizwa ezitshalweni zesitimu kusetshenziswa iziphethiloli zamandulo kanye nama-turbines anesivinini esikhulu.Ukuhlehlisa ikhava yesikhungo sikagesi sesimanje kuzonikeza umbono wezinhlelo zamapayipi ezinomfutho ophezulu, nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.Le migqa esemqoka iyona ebaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokuphehla ugesi ngesitimu.
Amavalvu esango ahlala eyinketho eyinhloko yemishini yokuvula/ukuvala izinhlelo zokusebenza, nakuba inhloso ekhethekile, amavalvu eglobhu ye-Y-pattern nawo ayatholakala.Amavalvu ebhola asebenza kahle, asebenza kanzima athola ukuduma kwabanye abaklami bemishini yamandla futhi ayangenelela kulo mhlaba owake wabuswa ngamavalvu omugqa.
I-Metallurgy ibalulekile kumavalvu ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla, ikakhulukazi lawo asebenza kububanzi obusebenzayo obuphezulu kakhulu noma obuphezulu kakhulu bengcindezi nezinga lokushisa.I-F91, F92, C12A, kanye nama-Inconel amaningana kanye nama-alloys ensimbi engagqwali avame ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla zanamuhla.Izigaba zokucindezela zihlanganisa u-1500, 2500 futhi kwezinye izimo 4500. Imvelo yokumodela yezitshalo zamandla aphezulu (lezo ezisebenza kuphela njengoba kudingeka) futhi ibeka ubunzima obukhulu kuma-valve namapayipi, okudinga imiklamo eqinile yokusingatha inhlanganisela eyeqisayo yokugibela amabhayisikili, izinga lokushisa kanye ingcindezi.
Ngaphezu kwe-valving eyinhloko ye-steam, izitshalo zamandla zilayishwa ngamapayipi ahambisanayo, agcwele inqwaba yamasango, imbulunga, isheke, uvemvane namavalve ebhola.
Izitshalo zamandla enuzi zisebenza ngomgomo ofanayo womusi/ijubane eliphezulu.Umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi endaweni yamandla enuzi, isitimu sidalwa ukushisa okuvela enqubweni yokuqhekeka.Amavalvu ezitshalo zamandla enuzi afana nabazala babo abaphehlwa izinsalela, ngaphandle kozalo lwabo kanye nemfuneko eyengeziwe yokwethembeka okuphelele.Amavalvu enuzi enziwe abe sezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, kanti imibhalo efanelekile neyokuhlola igcwalisa amakhulukhulu amakhasi.
UKUKHIQIZWA KWAMAFUTHA NEGASI
Imithombo kawoyela negesi kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza kungabasebenzisi abasindayo bamavalvu, okuhlanganisa namavalvu amaningi esindayo.Nakuba izimfucumfucu zikawoyela ezikhafulela amakhulu amamitha emoyeni zingeke zisaba khona, isithombe sibonisa umfutho ongase ube khona kawoyela negesi engaphansi komhlaba.Yingakho amakhanda emithombo noma izihlahla zikaKhisimusi zibekwe phezulu entanjeni yepayipi elide lomthombo.Le mihlangano, nenhlanganisela yayo yamavalvu nokufakwa okukhethekile, iklanyelwe ukuphatha izingcindezi ezingaphezulu kuka-10,000 psi.Nakuba kungavamile ukutholakala emithonjeni embiwe emhlabeni kulezi zinsuku, izingcindezi eziphezulu kakhulu zivame ukutholakala emithonjeni ejulile yasogwini.
Idizayini yemishini ye-Wellhead imbozwa imininingwane ye-API efana ne-6A, Ukucaciswa Kwe-Wellhead kanye Nezisetshenziswa Zesihlahla sikaKhisimusi.Amavalvu ambozwe ku-6A aklanyelwe ukucindezela okuphezulu kakhulu kodwa amazinga okushisa anesizotha.Izihlahla eziningi zikaKhisimusi ziqukethe ama-valve esango kanye nama-valve embulunga akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-chokes.Imiklinya isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukugeleza okuvela emthonjeni.
Ngaphezu kwama-wellheads ngokwawo, izinsiza eziningi ezihambisanayo zihlala endaweni kawoyela noma yegesi.Imishini yokucubungula ukwelapha uwoyela noma igesi ngaphambilini idinga amavalvu amaningi.Lawa ma-valve ngokuvamile ayinsimbi ye-carbon elinganiselwe kumakilasi aphansi.
Ngezinye izikhathi, uketshezi olugqwala kakhulu—i-hydrogen sulfide—luba khona emfudlaneni we-petroleum eluhlaza.Le nto, ebizwa nangokuthi igesi emuncu, ingaba yingozi.Ukwehlula izinselelo zegesi emuncu, izinto ezikhethekile noma amasu okucubungula izinto ngokuhambisana nencazelo ye-NACE International MR0175 kumele ilandelwe.
OKWENZIWA NGASE-OFFSHORE
Amapayipi amapayipi ama-offshore oilrigs kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza aqukethe inqwaba yamavalvu akhelwe emibhalweni eminingi ehlukene ukuze abhekane nezinhlobonhlobo zezinselele zokulawula ukugeleza.Lezi zikhungo futhi ziqukethe izihibe zesistimu yokulawula ehlukahlukene kanye namadivayisi okusiza ukucindezela.
Ezindaweni zokukhiqiza uwoyela, inhliziyo ye-arterial iwuhlelo lwangempela lwamapayipi okubuyisela uwoyela noma igesi.Nakuba kungenaso sonke isikhathi endaweni yesikhulumi ngokwayo, izinhlelo eziningi zokukhiqiza zisebenzisa izihlahla zikaKhisimusi kanye nezinhlelo zamapayipi ezisebenza ekujuleni okungamamitha angu-10,000 noma ngaphezulu.Lesi sixhobo sokukhiqiza sakhelwe kumazinga amaningi aqondile e-American Petroleum Institute (API) futhi kukhonjwa ku-API Recommended Practices (RPs) embalwa.
Kumapulatifomu amaningi amakhulu kawoyela, izinqubo ezengeziwe zisetshenziswa oketshezini olungahluziwe oluvela esihlokweni somthombo.Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuhlukanisa amanzi kuma-hydrocarbon kanye nokuhlukanisa igesi negesi yemvelo uketshezi emgudwini woketshezi.Lezi zinhlelo zamapayipi ezihlahla zangemva kukaKhisimusi zivame ukwakhelwa amakhodi epayipi e-American Society of Mechanical Engineers B31.3 ngamavalvu aklanywe ngokuhambisana nokucaciswa kwamavalvu e-API njenge-API 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 kanye ne-API 609.
Ezinye zalezi zinhlelo zingase futhi ziqukathe isango le-API 6D, ibhola namavalvu okuhlola.Njengoba noma yimaphi amapayipi epulatifomu noma umkhumbi wokubhoboza angaphakathi endaweni, izimfuneko eziqinile zokusebenzisa amavalvu e-API 6D kumapayipi azisebenzi.Nakuba izinhlobo eziningi zama-valve zisetshenziswa kulezi zinhlelo zamapayipi, uhlobo lwe-valve olukhethwayo yi-valve yebhola.
AMAPHAPHA
Nakuba amapayipi amaningi efihliwe ukuze angabonwa, ubukhona bawo buvame ukubonakala.Izimpawu ezincane ezisho “ipayipi likaphethiloli” zingenye yezinkomba ezisobala zokuba khona kwamapayipi okuthutha angaphansi komhlaba.Lawa mapayipi afakwe amavalvu amaningi abalulekile ngobude bawo.Amavalvu okuvala amapayipi ezimo eziphuthumayo atholakala ngezikhathi ezithile njengoba kuchazwe ngamazinga, amakhodi nemithetho.Lawa mavalvu asebenza ngenkonzo ebalulekile yokuhlukanisa ingxenye yepayipi uma ivuza noma lapho kudingeka ukulungiswa.
Okunye okuhlakazekile emzileni wamapayipi kukhona izinsiza lapho ulayini uvela phansi futhi kutholakala ukufinyelela kolayini.Lezi ziteshi ziyikhaya lempahla “yengulube” yokuqalisa, equkethe izinto ezifakwe emapayipini ukuze zihlole noma zihlanze ulayini.Lezi ziteshi zokwethula izingulube ngokuvamile ziqukethe ama-valve amaningana, kungaba yisango noma izinhlobo zebhola.Wonke ama-valve ohlelweni lwamapayipi kufanele abe yimbobo egcwele (ivuleke ngokugcwele) ukuvumela ukudlula kwezingulube.
Amapayipi nawo adinga amandla ukuze alwe nokungqubuzana kwepayipi nokugcina ukucindezela nokugeleza kolayini.I-Compressor noma iziteshi zokupompa ezibukeka njengezinguqulo ezincane zesitshalo senqubo ngaphandle kwemibhoshongo emide eqhekekile ziyasetshenziswa.Lezi ziteshi ziyikhaya lenqwaba yamavalvu esango, amabhola kanye namapayipi okuhlola.
Amapayipi ngokwawo aklanywe ngokuhambisana namazinga ahlukahlukene namakhodi, kuyilapho amapayipi amapayipi elandela i-API 6D Pipeline Valves.
Kukhona namapayipi amancane aphakela ezindlini nasezindaweni zezentengiselwano.Le migqa ihlinzeka ngamanzi negesi futhi igadwe ngamavalve wokuvala.
Omasipala abakhulu, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-United States, bahlinzeka ngesitimu ngezimfuneko zokushisisa zamakhasimende athengisayo.Le migqa yokuhlinzeka ngesitimu ifakwe ama-valve ahlukahlukene okulawula nokulawula ukunikezwa kwesitimu.Nakuba uketshezi luyisitimu, izingcindezi namazinga okushisa aphansi kunalawo atholakala emshinini wokuphehla isitimu.Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zama-valve zisetshenziswa kule sevisi, nakuba i-valve yepulaki ehlonishwayo iseyinketho ethandwayo.
I-REFINERY KANYE NE-PETROCHEMICAL
Ama-valve okucwenga asebenza kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamavalvu ezimbonini kunanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yamavalvu.Izindawo zokuhlanza ziyikhaya lakho kokubili uketshezi olubolayo futhi kwezinye izimo, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
Lezi zici zinquma ukuthi ama-valve akhiwa kanjani ngokuhambisana nokucaciswa kwe-API ye-valve efana ne-API 600 (amavalvu esango), i-API 608 (amavalvu ebhola) kanye ne-API 594 (hlola amavalvu).Ngenxa yensizakalo enzima etholwa amaningi ala mavalvu, ngokuvamile kudingeka imali eyengeziwe yokugqwala.Lesi sibonelelo sibonakala ngokuqina okukhulu kwezindonga ezicaciswe kumadokhumenti omklamo we-API.
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zama-valve amakhulu zingatholakala ngobuningi endaweni yokuhluza evamile enkulu.Ivalvu yesango etholakala yonke indawo iseyinkosi yasegqumeni enesibalo esikhulu sabantu abaningi, kodwa amavalvu e-quarter-turn athatha inani elikhulu kakhulu lesabelo sawo semakethe.Imikhiqizo yekota eyenza ingene ngempumelelo kule mboni (eyake yabuswa yimikhiqizo ewumugqa) ihlanganisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwamavalvu ovemvane aphindwe kathathu kanye namavalvu ebhola ahlezi ngensimbi.
Isango elivamile, iglobhu kanye nama-valve okuhlola asatholakala en-masse, futhi ngenxa yobuqotho bomklamo wawo nomnotho wokukhiqiza, ngeke anyamalale noma nini maduzane.
Izilinganiso zokucindezela zamavalvu okuhluza zigijima i-gamut kusukela ku-Class 150 kuya ku-Class 1500, ne-Class 300 edume kakhulu.
Izinsimbi zekhabhoni ezingenalutho, njenge-grade WCB (cast) kanye ne-A-105 (forged) yizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezishiwo futhi ezisetshenziswa kumavalvu esevisi yokuhluza.Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zenqubo yokucwenga zicindezela imikhawulo yokushisa ephezulu yezinsimbi zekhabhoni engenalutho, futhi ama-alloys okushisa aphezulu acacisiwe kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.Okudume kakhulu kulawa ama-chrome/moly steels afana no-1-1/4% Cr, 2-1/4% Cr, 5% Cr no-9% Cr.Izinsimbi ezingagqwali nama-alloys ane-nickel ephezulu nazo zisetshenziswa kwezinye izinqubo zokucwenga ezinokhahlo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-10-2020