Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻea ma nā wahi a pau i kēia lā: ma ko mākou mau home, ma lalo o ke alanui, ma nā hale kūʻai a ma nā tausani o nā wahi i loko o ka mana a me nā mea kanu wai, nā wili pepa, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, nā mea kanu kemika a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.
He ākea maoli ka ʻoihana valve, me nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa mai ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai a hiki i ka mana nuklea a hiki i ke kahawai a me ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea.Ke hoʻohana nei kēlā me kēia ʻoihana hoʻohana hope i kekahi mau ʻano kumu o nā valve;akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa nā kikoʻī o ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā mea hana.Eia kahi laʻana:
NA HANA WAI
I ka honua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wai, ʻaneʻane haʻahaʻa nā puʻe i nā manawa a pau a me nā mahana ambient.ʻO kēlā mau ʻike noiʻi ʻelua e ʻae i ka nui o nā mea hoʻolālā valve i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma nā mea paʻakikī ʻē aʻe e like me nā pahu mahu wela wela.ʻO ka mahana wela o ka lawelawe wai e hiki ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā elastomers a me nā sila palaki ʻaʻole kūpono i nā wahi ʻē aʻe.Hāʻawi kēia mau mea palupalu i nā kiwi wai e hoʻopaʻa paʻa i nā kulu.
ʻO kekahi mea e noʻonoʻo ai i nā kīwaha lawelawe wai ke koho i nā mea hana.Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hao hoʻolei a me ka ductile i nā ʻōnaehana wai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā laina anawaena o waho.Hiki ke mālama maikaʻi ʻia nā laina liʻiliʻi loa me nā mea keleawe keleawe.
ʻO nā kaomi i ʻike ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā kiwi wai ma lalo o 200 psi.ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono nā hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe o ka pā mānoanoa.ʻO ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, aia kekahi mau hihia kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā kiwi wai e mālama i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe, a hiki i ka 300 psi.Aia kēia mau noi ma nā aqueduct lōʻihi kokoke i ke kumu kaomi.I kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia nā kiwi wai kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o kahi pā kiʻekiʻe.
Ua hoʻopuka ka American Water Works Association (AWWA) i nā kikoʻī e uhi ana i nā ʻano valve a me nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi wai.
WAI OLE
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ka wai inu hou e hele ana i loko o kahi hale a i ʻole ka hale ka wai ʻōpala a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe.ʻOhi kēia mau laina i ka wai ʻōpala a me nā mea paʻa a alakaʻi iā lākou i kahi hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai.Aia kēia mau mea kanu lapaʻau i ka nui o nā paipu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā kiwi e hana i kā lākou "hana lepo."ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā koi no nā ʻōpala wai maʻemaʻe ma mua o nā koi no ka lawelawe wai maʻemaʻe.ʻO ka ʻīpuka hao a me nā kiwi hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā koho kaulana loa no kēia ʻano lawelawe.Kūkulu ʻia nā valve maʻamau i kēia lawelawe e like me nā kikoʻī AWWA.
HANA MANA
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka mana uila i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hana ʻia i nā mea kanu mahu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā turbines fossil-fuel a me ka wikiwiki.ʻO ka ʻili ʻana i hope o ka uhi o kahi mea kanu mana o kēia wā e ʻike ʻia nā ʻōnaehana paipu wela kiʻekiʻe.ʻO kēia mau laina koʻikoʻi ka mea koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina hana mana mahu.
He koho nui nā ʻīpuka puka no nā mea kanu mana ma nā noi a i ʻole, ʻoiai ke kumu kūikawā, ʻike pū ʻia nā kiwi honua Y-pattern.Ke ulu nui nei nā ʻōleʻa pōleʻa hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka lawelawe koʻikoʻi me kekahi mau mea hoʻolālā hale mana a ke komo nei i loko o kēia honua i hoʻomalu ʻia i ka laina laina.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka metallurgy no nā valve i nā noi mana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea e hana ana i nā pae hana supercritical a ultra-supercritical o ke kaomi a me ka mahana.ʻO F91, F92, C12A, me kekahi mau Inconel a me nā mea hao kuhili ʻole i hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā mea kanu mana o kēia lā.ʻO nā papa kaomi he 1500, 2500 a ma kekahi mau mea 4500. ʻO ke ʻano modulating o nā mea kanu mana kiʻekiʻe (ʻo nā mea e hana wale ana e like me ka mea e pono ai) e kau pū ana i kahi koʻikoʻi nui ma nā valves a me nā paipu, e koi ana i nā hoʻolālā paʻa e mālama i ka hui nui o ka paikikala, ka mahana a me kaomi.
Ma waho aʻe o ka valving mahu nui, ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā mea mana me nā pipeline ancillary, i noho ʻia e ka lehulehu o nā puka, honua, nānā, butterfly a me nā ʻāpana pōpō.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu mana nuklea ma ka loina hoʻokahi o ka mahu/kiʻekiʻe-wikiwiki turbine.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa mua, ʻo ia i loko o kahi mea kanu nuklea, hana ʻia ka mahu e ka wela mai ke kaʻina fission.Ua like nā kīwī o ka mana nuklea me ko lākou mau hoahānau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mōʻalihaku, koe wale nō ko lākou moʻopuna a me ke koi hoʻohui o ka hilinaʻi loa.Hana ʻia nā kīwaha nuklea i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa, me nā palapala hōʻoia a me ka nānā ʻana e hoʻopiha ana i nā haneli o nā ʻaoʻao.
HOOLAHA AILA A ME KE KAPA
ʻO nā pūnāwai aila a me ke kinoea a me nā keʻena hana nā mea hoʻohana nui i nā valve, me ka nui o nā pahu hana kaumaha.ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike hou ʻia nā ʻaila ʻaila e luaʻi ana i nā haneli he mau kapuaʻi i ka lewa, e hōʻike ana ke kiʻi i ke kaomi ʻana o ka ʻaila ma lalo o ka honua a me ke kinoea.ʻO ia ke kumu i kau ʻia ai nā poʻo punawai a i ʻole nā kumu Kalikimaka ma luna o ke kaula loloa o ka luawai.ʻO kēia mau hui, me kā lākou hui pū ʻana o nā valves a me nā mea pono kūikawā, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i nā kaomi i luna o 10,000 psi.ʻOiai kakaʻikahi ka loaʻa ʻana ma nā pūnāwai i ʻeli ʻia ma ka ʻāina i kēia mau lā, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa ma nā pūnāwai hohonu o waho.
Ua uhi ʻia ka hoʻolālā lako Wellhead e nā kikoʻī API e like me 6A, Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment.Hoʻolālā ʻia nā valve i uhi ʻia ma 6A no nā puʻe kiʻekiʻe loa akā i nā mahana haʻahaʻa.Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka i nā ʻīpuka puka a me nā kīwaha honua kūikawā i kapa ʻia ʻo chokes.Hoʻohana ʻia nā chokes e hoʻoponopono i ke kahe mai ka pūnāwai.
Ma waho aʻe o nā poʻo punawai ponoʻī, nui nā hale hana ancillary e hoʻopiha i kahi māla aila a i ʻole gas.Pono nā lako hana no ka mālama mua ʻana i ka ʻaila a i ʻole ke kinoea i ka nui o nā valve.ʻO kēia mau kiwikā he kila kalapona i helu ʻia no nā papa haʻahaʻa.
I kekahi manawa, loaʻa kahi wai ʻino loa—hydrogen sulfide—i loko o ke kahawai ʻaila maka.Hiki ke make kēia mea, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa.No ka lanakila ʻana i nā paʻakikī o ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa, pono e hahai ʻia nā mea kūikawā a i ʻole nā mea hana e like me ka NACE International specification MR0175.
NA HANA KUHA
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana paipu no nā ʻaila ʻaila ma waho a me nā keʻena hana i loaʻa i ka nui o nā valves i kūkulu ʻia i nā ʻano kikoʻī like ʻole e mālama i nā ʻano paʻakikī o ka hoʻokele kahe.Aia i loko o kēia mau lako nā puka lou ʻōnaehana mana a me nā mea hoʻoluhi kaomi.
No nā hale hana ʻaila, ʻo ka puʻuwai arterial ka ʻaila aila a i ʻole ke kinoea hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana paipu.ʻOiai ʻaʻole ma luna o ke kahua ponoʻī, nui nā ʻōnaehana hana e hoʻohana i nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka a me nā ʻōnaehana paipu e hana ana i ka hohonu o 10,000 kapuaʻi a ʻoi aku paha.Kūkulu ʻia kēia mea hana hana i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi ʻo American Petroleum Institute (API) a kuhikuhi ʻia i kekahi mau API Recommended Practices (RPs).
Ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻaila ʻaila nui, hoʻohana ʻia nā kaʻina hana hou i ka wai maka e hele mai ana mai ka luawai.Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wai mai nā hydrocarbons a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kinoea a me nā wai kinoea maoli mai ke kahawai wai.Kūkulu ʻia kēia mau ʻōnaehana paipu lāʻau ma hope o ka Kalikimaka i ka American Society of Mechanical Engineers B31.3 piping code me nā kiwi i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me nā kikoʻī o ka valve API e like me API 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 a me API 609.
Hiki i kekahi o kēia mau ʻōnaehana ke loaʻa i ka ʻīpuka API 6D, ka pōleʻa a me nā kiwi.No ka mea, aia nā paipu ma luna o ka paepae a i ʻole ka moku drill i loko o ka hale, ʻaʻole pili nā koi koʻikoʻi e hoʻohana i nā kiwi API 6D no nā pipeline.ʻOiai ke hoʻohana ʻia nei nā ʻano valve he nui i kēia mau ʻōnaehana paipu, ʻo ke ʻano o ka valve koho ʻia ʻo ia ka pahu pōlele.
NA PIPA
ʻOiai ua hūnā ʻia ka hapa nui o nā pipeline mai ka ʻike ʻana, ʻike pinepine ʻia ko lākou hele ʻana.ʻO nā hōʻailona liʻiliʻi e hōʻike ana i ka "pipeline petroleum" kahi hōʻailona maopopo o ka hiki ʻana o ka paipu kaʻa ma lalo o ka honua.Hoʻolako ʻia kēia mau paipu me nā valve koʻikoʻi i ko lākou lōʻihi.Loaʻa nā ʻūhā hoʻopaʻa pipeline pilikia i nā manawa e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā kūlana, nā code a me nā kānāwai.Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau valves i ka lawelawe koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o kahi paipu i ka wā o ka leak a i ka wā e pono ai ka mālama ʻana.
Hoʻopuehu pū ʻia ma kahi ala paipu he mau hale kahi e puka mai ai ka laina mai ka lepo a loaʻa ke komo laina.ʻO kēia mau kikowaena ka home no nā mea hoʻolele "puaʻa", aia nā mea i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā pipeline e nānā a hoʻomaʻemaʻe paha i ka laina.Loaʻa i kēia mau kahua hoʻolele puaʻa he nui nā valve, ʻo ka ʻīpuka a i ʻole nā ʻano kinipōpō.ʻO nā valve a pau ma kahi ʻōnaehana pipeline pono e piha i ka puka (full-open) e hiki ai ke hele i nā puaʻa.
Pono pū nā paipu i ka ikehu e hakakā i ka friction o ka pipeline a mālama i ke kaomi a me ke kahe o ka laina.Hoʻohana ʻia nā puʻupuʻu compressor a i ʻole nā pahu e like me nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o kahi mea kanu kaʻina me ka ʻole o nā hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe.ʻO kēia mau keʻena ka home o nā ʻīpuka he nui, ka pōleʻa a me ka nānā ʻana i nā pahu paipu.
Hoʻolālā ʻia nā pipeline ponoʻī e like me nā kūlana a me nā code like ʻole, aʻo nā kiwi pipeline e hahai i ka API 6D Pipeline Valves.
Aia kekahi mau paipu liʻiliʻi e hānai ana i nā hale a me nā hale kalepa.Hāʻawi kēia mau laina i ka wai a me ke kinoea a ua kiaʻi ʻia e nā kiwi pani.
ʻO nā kaona nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hāʻawi i ka mahu no nā koi hoʻomehana o nā mea kūʻai aku kalepa.Hoʻolako ʻia kēia mau laina hoʻolako mahu me nā ʻano valves e hoʻomalu a hoʻoponopono i ka lako mahu.ʻOiai he mahu ka wai, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā kaomi a me nā mahana ma mua o nā mea i loaʻa i ka hana hoʻomohala mana.Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano valve like ʻole i kēia lawelawe, ʻoiai ʻo ka venerable plug valve he koho kaulana.
HANA HANA A ME PETROCHEMICAL
Hoʻohana ʻia nā valve refinery no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka valve ʻoihana ma mua o nā ʻāpana valve ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka home o nā wai corrosive a i kekahi mau hihia, nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
Ke kuhikuhi nei kēia mau mea i ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā kiwi e like me nā kikoʻī hoʻolālā o ka valve API e like me API 600 (nā ʻīpuka ʻīpuka), API 608 (nā ʻāwili pōlele) a me ka API 594 (nā pahu hoʻololi).Ma muli o ka hana koʻikoʻi i loaʻa i ka nui o kēia mau valve, pono pinepine ʻia ka ʻae ʻana i ka corrosion.Hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina ma o ka mānoanoa nui o ka pā i kuhikuhi ʻia ma nā palapala hoʻolālā API.
Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia ʻano valve nui hiki ke loaʻa i ka nui i loko o kahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui maʻamau.ʻO ka ʻīpuka puka ma nā wahi a pau ʻo ia ke aliʻi o ka puʻu me ka heluna nui loa, akā ke lawe nei nā kīwī hāhā-huli i ka nui o kā lākou māhele mākeke.ʻO nā huahana hoʻololi hapahā e holomua ana ma kēia ʻoihana (ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā huahana linear) e loaʻa ana nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe triple offset butterfly kiʻekiʻe a me nā kiwi pōpō metala.
Loaʻa ka ʻīpuka maʻamau, ka honua a me nā kīwaha nānā i ka nui, a ma muli o ka puʻuwai o kā lākou hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka hana ʻana, ʻaʻole e nalowale koke.
ʻO ka helu ʻana o ka paʻi no nā ʻūhā hoʻomaʻemaʻe e holo i ka gamut mai ka Papa 150 a i ka Papa 1500, me ka Papa 300 ka mea kaulana loa.
ʻO nā kila kalapona maʻemaʻe, e like me ka papa WCB (cast) a me A-105 (forged) nā mea kaulana loa i kuhikuhi ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā kiwi no ka lawelawe hoʻomaʻemaʻe.Nui nā noi kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe e koi i nā palena wela kiʻekiʻe o nā kila kalapona maʻemaʻe, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā alloys wela kiʻekiʻe no kēia mau noi.ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o kēia mau mea ʻo nā kila chrome/moly e like me 1-1/4% Cr, 2-1/4% Cr, 5% Cr a me 9% Cr.Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā kila kila a me nā nickel kiʻekiʻe i kekahi mau hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe paʻakikī.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-10-2020