Mavharuvhu anogona kuwanikwa chero kupi zvako nhasi: mudzimba dzedu, pasi pemugwagwa, muzvivakwa zvekutengesa uye muzviuru zvenzvimbo dziri mukati mesimba remagetsi nemvura, zvigayo zvemapepa, zvekunatsa, zvidyarwa zvemakemikari nezvimwe zvivakwa zveindasitiri.
Indasitiri yevharuvhu yakafara chaizvo, ine zvikamu zvakasiyana kubva pakugoverwa kwemvura kune simba renyukireya kusvika kumusoro nekudzika kweoiri negasi.Imwe neimwe yeaya maindasitiri ekupedzisira-mushandisi anoshandisa mamwe marudzi emhando dzevharuvhu;zvisinei, ruzivo rwekuvaka uye zvinhu zvinowanzosiyana zvakanyanya.Heino muenzaniso:
MVURA INOSHANDA
Munyika yekugoverwa kwemvura, dzvinyiriro dzinenge dzakaderera nguva dzose uye tembiricha dziripo.Idzo mbiri dzemashandisirwo echokwadi dzinobvumira akati wandei evharuvhu ekugadzira zvinhu izvo zvaisazowanikwa pane zvakanyanya kunetsa midziyo yakadai seyakanyanya tembiricha mavharuvhu.Ambient tembiricha yebasa remvura inobvumira kushandiswa kwe elastomers uye rubber seals zvisina kukodzera kumwe kunhu.Izvi zvinyoro zvinyoro zvinobvumira mavharuvhu emvura kuve akashongedzerwa kuvhara zvakasimba madhipu.
Imwe fungidziro mumavharuvhu ebasa remvura isarudzo mune zvigadzirwa zvekuvaka.Cast uye ductile irons anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumasisitimu emvura, kunyanya makuru ekunze kwedhayamita mitsetse.Mitsetse midiki kwazvo inogona kubatwa zvakanaka nebronze valve zvinhu.
Dzvinyiriro dzinoonekwa nemavharuvhu mazhinji emvura dzinowanzova pasi pe200 psi.Izvi zvinoreva kuti madhizaini akakora-akakwirira-kudzvanya madhizaini haadiwe.Izvo zvave zvataurwa, pane zviitiko apo mavharuvhu emvura anovakwa kuti abate kudzvinyirirwa kwepamusoro, kusvika ku300 psi.Aya maapplication anowanzo ari pamigero mirefu iri padyo nenzvimbo yekumanikidza.Dzimwe nguva mavharuvhu emvura epamusoro-soro anowanikwawo panzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro mudhamu refu.
IAmerican Water Works Association (AWWA) yakapa zvirevo zvinofukidza akawanda akasiyana mavharuvhu uye actuators anoshandiswa mumabasa emvura.
WASTEWATER
Rutivi rwemvura yakachena inonwiwa inopinda munzvimbo kana chimiro imvura yetsvina kana seweji inobuda.Mitsetse iyi inounganidza mvura yese yetsvina uye yakaomeswa uye inonangidzira kunzvimbo yekuchenesa tsvina.Izvi zvidyarwa zvekurapa zvinoratidzira yakawanda yakaderera yekumanikidza pombi uye mavharuvhu kuita "basa rakasviba" ravo.Izvo zvinodikanwa zvemavharuvhu emvura yetsvina muzviitiko zvakawanda zvakanyanya kureruka pane zvinodiwa zvebasa remvura yakachena.Iron gedhi uye cheki mavharuvhu ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa sarudzo dzerudzi urwu rwebasa.Mavharuvhu akajairwa musevhisi iyi anovakwa zvinoenderana neAWWA yakatarwa.
POWER INDUSTRY
Mazhinji emagetsi emagetsi anogadzirwa muUnited States anogadzirwa mumiti inopfungaira vachishandisa fossil-mafuta uye high-speed turbines.Kupenengura chivharo chemagetsi echimanje-manje kunopa maonero ezvekudzvanya, kudziya kwepombi.Iyi mitsetse mikuru ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi emuputi.
Mavharuvhu egedhi anoramba ari sarudzo huru yesimba rekudyara pa/off application, kunyangwe chinangwa chakakosha, Y-pattern globe mavharuvhu anowanikwawo.Mavharuvhu ebhora epamusoro-soro, akakosha-sevhisi ari kuwana mukurumbira nevamwe vagadziri vemagetsi emagetsi uye ari kupinda mune ino yaimbova mutsara-vhavha-inotonga nyika.
Metallurgy yakakosha kune mavharuvhu mumashandisirwo emagetsi, kunyanya ayo anoshanda mune supercritical kana ultra-supercritical inoshanda maseru ekumanikidza uye tembiricha.F91, F92, C12A, pamwe neakawanda Inconel uye Stainless-simbi alloys anowanzoshandiswa mumagetsi emazuva ano.Makirasi ekumanikidzika anosanganisira 1500, 2500 uye mune dzimwe nguva 4500. The modulating chimiro chepamusoro pesimba remiti (iyo inoshanda chete sezvinodiwa) inoisawo dambudziko guru pamavharuvhu uye pombi, inoda magadzirirwo akasimba ekugadzirisa kusanganiswa kwakanyanya kwebhasikoro, tembiricha uye. pressure.
Pamusoro peiyo huru yemhepo valving, zvidyarwa zvemagetsi zvinoremerwa nemapaipi ekuwedzera, anogarwa nezviuru zvegedhi, globe, cheki, butterfly uye bhora mavharuvhu.
Magetsi emagetsi enyukireya anoshanda pane imwecheteyo steam/high-speed turbine musimboti.Musiyano mukuru ndewekuti muchigadzirwa chemagetsi enyukireya, chiutsi chinogadzirwa nekupisa kunobva mukufission process.Nuclear power plant mavharuvhu akafanana nefossil-fueled cousins, kunze kwedzinza ravo uye chinodiwa chakawedzerwa chekuvimbika kwakakwana.Mavharuvhu eNyukireya anogadzirwa kusvika pamazinga akanyanya, aine magwaro anokodzera uye ekuongorora anozadza mazana emapeji.
KUGADZIRWA MAFUTA NEGASI
Oiri uye gasi matsime uye kugadzirwa zvivako zvinorema vanoshandisa mavharuvhu, kusanganisira akawanda anorema-basa mavharuvhu.Kunyange zvazvo mafuta ari kuyerera mazana emamita mumhepo asisakwanisi kuitika, mufananidzo unoratidza kumanikidzwa kunogona kuitika kwemafuta epasi pevhu negasi.Ichi ndicho chikonzero misoro yematsime kana miti yeKisimusi inoiswa pamusoro pechitsime chepombi refu.Aya maassemblies, pamwe nekusanganiswa kwawo kwemavharuvhu uye mafittings akakosha, akagadzirirwa kubata kumanikidza kunopfuura 10,000 psi.Nepo zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa pamatsime akacherwa panyika mazuva ano, dzvinyiriro dzakanyanyisa dzinowanzowanwa pamatsime akadzika ekumahombekombe.
Wellhead dhizaini dhizaini yakafukidzwa neAPI zvakatemwa se6A, Tsanangudzo yeWellhead uye Kisimusi Muti Equipment.Mavharuvhu akafukidzwa mu6A akagadzirirwa zvakanyanya kumanikidza asi tembiricha ine mwero.Miti yakawanda yeKisimusi ine mavharuvhu emagedhi uye mavharuvhu akasarudzika anonzi chokes.Kudzipwa kunoshandiswa kugadzirisa kuyerera kubva mutsime.
Pamusoro pematsime pachawo, zvivakwa zvakawanda zvekuwedzera zvinogara munzvimbo yemafuta kana gasi.Muchina wekugadzira pre-kurapa mafuta kana gasi zvinoda akati wandei mavharuvhu.Aya mavharuvhu kazhinji kabhoni simbi yakayerwa kune yakaderera makirasi.
Dzimwe nguva, mvura inoparadza zvikuru—hydrogen sulfide—inowanika murukova rwepetroleum mbishi.Nyaya iyi, inonziwo sour gasi, inogona kuuraya.Kurova zvinonetsa zvegasi rinovava, zvinhu zvakakosha kana matekiniki ekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinoenderana neNACE International yakatarwa MR0175 inofanirwa kuteverwa.
OFFSHORE INDUSTRY
Iyo pombi masisitimu eiyo offshore oiri rigs uye zvivakwa zvekugadzira zvine akawanda mavharuvhu akavakirwa kune akawanda akasiyana mataurirwo ekubata akasiyana siyana ekuyerera kwekudzora matambudziko.Izvi zvivakwa zvakare zvine akasiyana siyana ekudzora system loops uye kudzvinyirira midziyo yekuyamura.
Kune zvivakwa zvekugadzira oiri, iyo arterial moyo ndiyo chaiyo oiri kana gasi kudzoreredza pombi system.Kunyange zvazvo isiri nguva dzose papuratifomu pachayo, maitiro akawanda ekugadzira anoshandisa miti yeKisimusi uye pombi masisitimu anoshanda munzvimbo dzakadzika dze10,000 tsoka kana kupfuura.Iyi midziyo yekugadzira yakavakirwa kune akawanda anonangana American Petroleum Institute (API) zviyero uye inonongedzwa mune akati wandei API Inokurudzirwa Maitiro (RPs).
Pamapuratifomu mazhinji makuru emafuta, mamwe maitiro anoiswa kune yakasvibira fluid inouya kubva mutsime.Izvi zvinosanganisira kupatsanura mvura kubva kumahydrocarbon uye kupatsanura gasi uye zvinwiwa zvegasi rechisikigo kubva kumvura inoyerera.Aya post-Kisimusi pombi masisitimu anowanzo kuvakwa kuAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers B31.3 piping codes ane mavharuvhu akagadzirwa zvinoenderana neAPI vharafu yakatarwa seAPI 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 uye API 609.
Mamwe eaya masisitimu anogona zvakare kunge aine API 6D gedhi, bhora uye cheki mavharuvhu.Sezvo chero mapaipi ari papuratifomu kana ngarava yekudhirowa ari mukati meiyo nzvimbo, izvo zvinodikanwa zvekushandisa API 6D mavharuvhu emapaipi haashande.Kunyange zvazvo marudzi akawanda evharuvhu achishandiswa mune idzi pombi masisitimu, mhando yevharuvhu yesarudzo ivharuvhu yebhora.
PAPIPELINES
Kunyange zvazvo mapaipi akawanda akavanzwa kubva pakuonekwa, kuvapo kwawo kunowanzoonekwa.Zvikwangwani zvidiki zvinoti "pombi yepetroleum" chimwe chiratidzo chiri pachena chekuvapo kwepombi dzekufambisa dzepasi pevhu.Mapaipi aya akashongedzerwa nemavharuvhu mazhinji akakosha ese pamwe nehurefu hwawo.Emergency pipeline shutoff mavharuvhu anowanikwa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana sezvinotsanangurwa nemitemo, macode uye mitemo.Aya mavharuvhu anoshanda sevhisi yakakosha yekuparadzanisa chikamu chepombi kana chadonha kana painoda kugadziriswa.
Zvakare akapararira munzira yepipeline zvivakwa apo mutsetse unobuda kubva pasi uye mutsara wekupinda unowanikwa.Nhepfenyuro idzi ndidzo imba ye “nguruve” yekutangisa midziyo, ine michina inoiswa mumapaipi kuti iongorore kana kuchenesa tambo.Zviteshi zvekutangisa nguruve idzi kazhinji zvine mavharuvhu akati wandei, angave gedhi kana mhando dzebhora.Mavharuvhu ese ari papipeline system anofanira kunge akazara-chiteshi (full-opening) kubvumira kufamba kwenguruve.
Mapaipi anodawo simba kurwisa kukwenya kwepombi uye kuchengetedza kudzvanywa nekuyerera kwetambo.Compressor kana zviteshi zvekupomba zvinoita senge madiki mavhezheni echirimwa chekugadzira pasina shongwe refu dzinoputika dzinoshandiswa.Zviteshi izvi ndezvakawanda zvegedhi, bhora uye cheki mavharuvhu epombi.
Mapaipi pachawo akagadzirwa zvinoenderana neakasiyana mazinga uye makodhi, nepo pombi mavharuvhu achitevera API 6D Pipeline Mavhavha.
Kune zvakare mapaipi madiki anodya mudzimba uye zvivakwa zvekutengesa.Iyi mitsetse inopa mvura uye gasi uye inochengetedzwa nemavharuvhu ekuvhara.
Maguta makuru, kunyanya kuchamhembe kweUnited States, anopa mhepo yekupisa zvinodiwa nevatengi vekutengesa.Iyi mitsetse yekugovera mhepo ine mavharuvhu akasiyana-siyana ekudzora uye kugadzirisa kupihwa kweutsi.Kunyange zvazvo mvura yacho iri mupfunga, madzvinyiriro uye tembiricha zvakaderera pane izvo zvinowanikwa mumagetsi ekugadzira steam.Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzevharuvhu dzinoshandiswa musevhisi iyi, kunyangwe iyo inoremekedzwa plug valve ichiri yakakurumbira sarudzo.
KUNATSA UYE PETROCHEMICAL
Mavharuvhu ekunatsisa anoitira mamwe maindasitiri evharuvhu kushandiswa kupfuura chero imwe chikamu chevharuvhu.Refineries imusha kune zvese zvinopisa zvinwiwa uye mune dzimwe nguva, tembiricha yepamusoro.
Izvi zvinhu zvinoraira kuti mavharuvhu anovakwa sei zvinoenderana neAPI mavharuvhu edhizaini akadai seAPI 600 (mavharuvhu emagedhi), API 608 (mavharuvhu ebhora) uye API 594 (cheki mavharuvhu).Nekuda kwebasa rakaomarara rinosangana neakawanda emavharuvhu aya, mari yekuwedzera yekuora inowanzodiwa.Iyi mvumo inoratidzwa kuburikidza nehukuru hukuru hwemadziro hunotsanangurwa mumagwaro ekugadzira API.
Anenge ese makuru mavharuvhu emhando anogona kuwanikwa mukuwanda mune yakajairwa hombe yekunatsa.Iyo ubiquitous gedhi vharuvhu ichiri mambo wechikomo chine vanhu vakawanda, asi quarter-turn mavharuvhu ari kutora kuwedzera kuwanda kwemugove wavo wemusika.Zvigadzirwa zvekota zvinobudirira kupinda muindasitiri iyi (iyo yaimbove yakadzorwa nezvigadzirwa zvemitsetse) zvinosanganisira mavharuvhu evhavhavhavha evhavha uye simbi-yakagarwa bhora.
Gedhi rakajairwa, globe uye cheki mavharuvhu achiri kuwanikwa en-masse, uye nekuda kwemoyo wekugadzira kwavo uye hupfumi hwekugadzira, hazvizonyangarika chero nguva munguva pfupi.
Kutsikirira mavharuvhu ekunatsa anomhanyisa gamut kubva Kirasi 150 kusvika Kirasi 1500, ine Kirasi 300 inonyanya kufarirwa.
Plain carbon steels, segiredhi WCB (cast) uye A-105 (forged) ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa zvinhu inotsanangurwa uye inoshandiswa mumavharuvhu ekunatsa basa.Mazhinji ekunatsa maitiro ekushandisa anosundidzira epamusoro tembiricha masimbi akajeka kabhoni, uye epamusoro-tembiricha alloys anotsanangurwa kune aya maapplication.Iyo inonyanya kufarirwa pane iyi ndeye chrome / moly simbi dzakadai se1-1 / 4% Cr, 2-1 / 4% Cr, 5% Cr uye 9% Cr.Masimbi asina tsvina uye alloys akakwira-nickel anoshandiswawo mune mamwe maitiro akaomarara ekunatsa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-10-2020